Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay - 1441 Words

Will Eifling-Question 4 Hobbes and Locke During and after the English Revolution, a few philosophers expressed different views on their philosophical outlook and life experiences. Some of the most outstanding thinkers include Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. They had opposing views on governance matters, but the two, also, had striking similarities. In addition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conception of external power to solve the issues arising from the state of nature?s inconveniences. Also necessary is a third power to calm insecurity in case there was a war. However, the creation of government and the transition out of natural state, including the logic behind this idea, exposes sharp contrasts between the two philosophers. After researching for this paper, I feel that Locke is (more) right about the good life. Looking at the beliefs of Hobbes and Locke, it is clear that they agree that some form of government is needed to ensure a high quality of life. The two argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, property, and a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society, but Locke expressed the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification. Locke also expressed that people should give up a small portion of freedom for public service and security from the government. From this, I believe thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and definitions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial contract theory, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famousRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesknow how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developedRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the twoRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels, they proposed political views on how human nature can prosper. Initially, Thomas Hobbes introduces a concept on the state of nature and its effects as well as how peace can be achieved. In Leviathan, Hobbes defines what living in a state of nature would be like and theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke888 Words   |  4 Pagesare very similar but diverge in the moments that solidify their stance on their opinion. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is both political scientist who have made strides in the area of social contracts and share being natural law theorist also. Locke and all other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal and there fore struck contracts with each other to secure safety among them. Hobbes assumed differently, thus his verdicts are very different from other natural law theoristsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the most phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of drea d in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contract theory sought to analyze the relationship between rulers and the ruledRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1361 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English thinkers in the seventeenth-century who s ideas became a key to the Enlightenment. Baron de Montesquieu and Voltaire were philosophers who applied the methods of science to understand and improve society. Thomas Hobbes believed in a powerful gover nment. He believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish, and if they were not strictly controlled they would commit crimes and abuse one another. He believed that life with no government would be

Purpose Of A Nursing Research Study - 1646 Words

EBP to Formulate a Clinical Question The aim of the nursing profession is to investigate and to assess any issue that may impact patient life. This can be done by the research. The nursing research study has a tremendous influence on current and future professional nursing practice, thus rendering it an essential component of the educational process. The purpose of a nursing research study is to collect the information where the result may identify a solution to a problem. As a result, the research study would play a vital role in the nursing profession. Basically, there are two main types of research studies: quantitative and qualitative, that a research is able to conduct a research study. Each of this type has their own view in†¦show more content†¦Diabetes is a lifelong disease that is caused a reduction of production of insulin. There are many types of diabetes mellitus, but the most common are Type I Diabetes or Juvenile Onset Diabetes or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), Type II or Non-Insulin- Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), and Gestational. The quantitative research study of PICOT question is based on the patient with diabetes. The refined PICOT question that is identified is: Patient with diabetes Type 2 is better to treat them with lifestyle change of with medications? â€Å"As the number of individuals with diabetes rises, so do problems associated with diabetes identification and management† (Packer-Tursman, 2015, p. 23). To manage the diabetic disease, applying the PICOT formulating question is important to identify the population who is at risk. After identifying the people who are at risk, the type management must be set as the intervention that would be applicable to these people. The requirement to manage the patients with diabetic should be easy and specific in which the patient would be able to follow to promote compliance. Many diabetic patients can be managed with a lifestyle change like to teach them about their diet and exercise. Nevertheless, there are some patients with diabetes would require medication like insulin regardless of the effort that has been deployed. This is where the practitioner needs to compare the patients who will be

A Nobel Writing Style Reviewed Essay Example For Students

A Nobel Writing Style Reviewed Essay Earnest Hemmingway is an accomplished author with a large audience. While short novels like The Old Man and the Sea have intrigued many, his war stories have won him a Nobel Prize. Hemmingway possesses a writing style all his own, his ability to write descriptively is unparalleled. His use of similar themes, symbolism, irony, and similar main characters is very profound. Hemmingways use of theme makes his writing style significant. In The Old Man and the Sea Santiago went through a lot of trouble to catch his magnificent fish and didnt want to loose it. The author writes, ?He did not want to look at the fish. He knew that half of him had been destroyed.? This quote shows Santiagos sadness over the destruction of the fish, due to a shark attack. After Santiago caught his gigantic fish, it was totally destroyed by a series of shark attacks as Santiago sailed it home. Hemmingway states, ?The shark came in a rush and the old man hit him as he shut his jaws.? This passage shows how Santiagos moment of happiness was ruined, and his desperate effort to protect his historical catch. In A Farewell to Arms Fredric did not want to lose Catherine. The hardships they experienced together drew them very close, so losing Catherine was ver difficult for Fredric. A quotation from page 332 states, ?It was like saying good-by to a statue.? This sentence reflects Fredri c trouble with letting her go and his desire for a last good-by with Catherine the person, not just her lifeless body. Also, in the two novels, once an awaited moment of happiness arrives, it is ruined shortly thereafter by an undesirable event. After Catherine had her baby, they discovered that it was dead. A quote from the final chapter refers to this, ?They couldnt start him breathing. The cord was caught around his neck or something.? This quote tells a reader that the baby was born lifeless, or else died shortly after birth. Catherine also died after she had her baby. Once again the quote, ?It was like saying good-by to a statue,? come into play. This time the quotation simply shows that Catherine is dead, and the happiness that the birth of a new child should bring was destroyed. Hemmingway also utilizes symbolism in his unique writing style. We will write a custom essay on A Nobel Writing Style Reviewed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Earnest Hemmingway uses symbolism in his method of writhing. He writes, ?He is a great fish.? The amazing mass of the fish, as shown in the quote, symbolizes the extreme effort it would take to capture such a creature. However, the effort would normally reward a fisherman greatly. In A Farewell to Arms the author states, ?Im afraid of the rain because sometimes I see me dead in it.? This quote not only symbolizes but also foreshadows how unpleasant and sometimes dreadful things seem to happen to Catherine while it is raining. In chapter 16 it says, ?That night a bat flew into the room through the open door.? This occurs the night before Fredric is due to have an operation against the advise of three doctors, and symbolizes the possibility that he is not ready for the procedure and could be permanently damaged. ?They (the X-rays Fredric had taken of his legs) were in red envelopes.? Red is a symbol of death, war, and terror. A red envelope could symbolize the disastrous contents. Alon g with symbolism, Hemmingway makes a habit of using irony in his works of literature. Hemmingways use of irony in his stories is very evident. On page 110 of The Old Man and the Sea Santiago says, ?I wish it were a dream and that I had never hooked him. Im sorry about it fish. It makes everything wrong.? This is verbal irony because the old man had always wanted to catch such a fish. In chapter 14 of A Farewell to Arms Fredric is lying wounded in a hospital bed, the author states, ?Good morning, she said. ?Did you have a good night? ?Yes thanks very much.? This is verbal irony because Fredric was recently injured by a Mortar shell, the physical pain as well as the emotional pain of being uncertain of what the near future holds would be unbearable. Therefore Fredric could not have had a good night regardless of what drugs they may have given him. A quote spoken by Dr. Valintini states, ?Ill make you better than new.? This is verbal irony because Fredric was injured very badly and his legs would probably never be the same again let alone better than new. Hemmingway uses irony in his method of writing but he also has similar main characters. .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .postImageUrl , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:hover , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:visited , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:active { border:0!important; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:active , .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b1658ff3154c0af1ddd6c656b0a0a7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alternative Health Care EssayThe main characters in Hemmingways novels are often similar. For example, Santiago is similar to Fredric in that they are both pursuing something that requires great effort and will reap grand rewards. Santiago is trying to wear down the ?fish of a lifetime which will earn him much money of brought to market and sold. ?He is a great fish.? This quote shows the large profits Santiago could make off this large fish, so he could buy a radio to ?bring him to baseball. Fredric is courting Catherine. This requires great effort on his part because he has to prove his worth to her. If successful, he could be rewarded with a family. Fredric states, ?I w ant you to ruin me.? This quote shows that he is willing to sacrifice his bachelor status on Catherines behalf. Both Fredric and Santiago put the required effort into their pursuits and achieved their goals, only to have them spoiled. Fredric lost both Catherine and the baby during childbirth and sharks mutilated the fish. Ernest Hemingway, the Nobel Prize winning author, has a style that is both unique and extraordinary. His use of symbolism and irony requires a deeper thought process to fully interpret the content of his work. His use of theme and main characterization is strikingly similar from story to Nobel Prize winning story.

Otherwise known as anti-violence against women free essay sample

Violence comes in many forms. It is not just physical, like a black eye or a swollen face. Other forms of violence are less visible but equally painful and damaging. Incidents involving video-taping and the posting or circulating of such material has brought about many questions as to what kind of abuse or violence is punishable. There is currently no law that specifically punishes the acts of video-taping a sexual or other private act and circulating this content without the consent of the persons involved. I filed a bill in the senate known as The Anti-Video Voyeurism Act of 2009 that seeks to punish these acts. I hope this will be heard and passed into law soon. At present though, victims can take refuge in Republic Act 9262 otherwise known as the Anti-violence against Women and Children Act of 2004 which penalizes various forms of violence. A victim can also claim for damages. There has been a spate of cases filed against prominent male personalities by their wives/former ex-wives, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Otherwise known as anti-violence against women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For violation of Republic Act 9262. Some of those who filed include Kris Aquino, Sunshine Cruz, and even the wife of a former Senator. This begs the question, what is R. A. 9262? And why do all abused women use it against their significant others? R. A. 9262 is also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act (VAWC). It has become a favored tool for addressing the grievances of women in abusive relationships because of its expansive provisions. Violence against women and children are defined under the law as â€Å"any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbit round the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Every year, violence in the home and the community devastates the lives of millions of women. Gender-based violence kills and disables as many women between the ages of 15 and 44 as cancer, and its toll on womens health surpasses that of traffic accidents and malaria combined. 1 Violence against women is rooted in a global culture of discrimination which denies women equal rights with men and which legitimizes the appropriation of womens bodies for individual gratification or political ends. Violence against women feeds off discrimination and serves to reinforce it. When women are abused in custody, when they are raped by armed forces as spoils of war, or when they are terrorized by violence in the home, unequal power relations between men and women are both manifested and enforced. Violence against women is compounded by discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnicity, sexual identity, social status, class, and age. Such multiple forms of discrimination further restrict womens choices, increase their vulnerability to violence and make it even harder for women to obtain justice. There is an unbroken spectrum of violence that women face at the hands of people who exert control over them. States have the obligation to prevent, protect against, and punish violence against women whether perpetrated by private or public actors. States have a responsibility to uphold standards of due diligence and take steps to fulfill their responsibility to protect individuals from human rights abuses. Statement of the Problem Generally, the study sought to determine the implementation of R. A. 9262 otherwise known as Anti-Violence Against Women and Children in Calapan City Oriental Mindoro. Specifically, the study answered the following questions: 1. What is the impact of implementation of the R. A. 9262 in terms of: 1. 1 age 1. 2 gender 1. 3. healthcare 1. 4. penalty 1. 5. protection order? 2. What is the process of implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of: 2. 1 physical violence 2. 2 sexual violence 2. 3 psychological violence 2. 4 economic violence? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the impact and process of Implementation of R. A. Otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004 in Calapan City Oriental Mindoro? 4. Is there a significant difference on the impact of the Implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of age, gender, healthcare, penalty and protection order? 5. Is there a significant difference on the process of implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence and economic violence? Statement of the Hypothesis 1. There is no significant relationship between the process and impact of the implementation of R. A. 9262. 2. There is no significant difference on the impact of implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of age, gender, healthcare, penalty and protection order. There is no significant difference on the process of implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence and economic violence. Scope and Limitation of the Study The researcher focused on the impact and process of implementation of R. A. 9262 otherwise known as Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004 in Calapan City Oriental Mindoro. The study assessed the impact on implementation of R. A. 9262 in terms of age, gender, healthcare, penalty and protection order; and the process of R. A. 9262 in terms of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence and economic violence. Respondents of the study were the 75 children and women who were involved in this act. The questionnaire were administered at the selected barangays in Calapan City Oriental Mindoro covering academic year 2013-2014. Significance of the Study The study were significant to the following persons: Oriental Mindoro Police Personnel. This study may provide an insight on the significance of implementation of this act and competency in their tactical skills. Women’s Desk Personnel. The result of the study may guide the women’s desk personnel to improve their knowledge regarding the implementation of R. A. 9262 Women and Children . They would provide with information on the implementation of the R. A. 9262. Criminology Instructors. This study may enable the criminology instructor to assess the OJT performance of the intern and for the enhancement of criminology profession to produce globally competitive criminologist. Criminology Students. The result of the study may be helpful to the criminology students to determine the different acts and protection in the R. A. 9262 that should be strengthened. Future Researchers. They may use the information from the result of this study for further research. Definition of Terms For better understanding of this study, the following terms were operationally and conceptually defined: Barangay Protection Orders (BPOs)- refer to the protection order issued by the Punong Barangay ordering the perpetrator to desist from committing acts under Section 5 (a) and (b) of this Act. Battered Woman Syndrome- refers to a scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse. Battery- refers to an act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child resulting to the physical and psychological or emotional distress. Children-refers to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but are incapable of taking care of themselves as defined under Republic Act No. 7610. As used in this Act, it includes the biological children of the victim and other children under her care. Dating relationship- refers to a situation wherein the parties live as husband and wife without the benefit of marriage or are romantically involved over time and on a continuing basis during the course of the relationship. A casual acquaintance or ordinary socialization between two individuals in a business or social context is not a dating relationship. Domestic abuse- known as spousal abuse,that occurs when one person in an intimate relationship or marriage tries to dominate and control the other person. Domestic abuse that includes physical violence is called domestic violence. Economic abuse- refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially dependent. Physical Violence- refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm. Protection Orders- A protection order is an order issued under this act for the purpose of preventing further acts of violence against a woman or her child specified in Section 5 of this Act and granting other necessary relief. Psychological violence- refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim such as but not limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public ridicule or humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and mental infidelity. It includes causing or allowing the victim to witness the physical, sexual or psychological abuse of a member of the family to which the victim belongs, or to witness pornography in any form or to witness abusive injury to pets or to unlawful or unwanted deprivation of the right to custody and/or visitation of common children. Relief -granted under a protection order serve the purpose of safeguarding the victim from further harm, minimizing any disruption in the victims daily life, and facilitating the opportunity and ability of the victim to independently regain control over her life. Safe place or shelter- refers to any home or institution maintained or managed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) or by any other agency or voluntary organization accredited by the DSWD for the purposes of this Act or any other suitable place the resident of which is willing temporarily to receive the victim. Sexual relations -refers to a single sexual act which may or may not result in the bearing of a common child. Sexual violence- refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a woman or her child. Stalking refers to an intentional act committed by a person who, knowingly and without lawful justification follows the woman or her child or places the woman or her child under surveillance directly or indirectly or a combination thereof. Violence against women and their children refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Theoretical Framework This study were anchored on the following reviews of management and motivation theories. The Expectancy Theory of Motivation by Vroom (2005) holds that people are motivated to do things and to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of the goal they set and if they can see that what they do will help them achieve it. Luther (2005) subscribes and said that everything done in the world is do ne in hope. (Santos, 2010) Vroom (2005) expanded that peoples motivation toward doing anything is largely determined by the value placed on the outcome and output of their effort(whether positive or negative), that is, multiplied by the confidence they have and their efforts will materially aid in achieving a goal. He pointed out that motivation is a product of the anticipated worth that an individual places on a goal and the chances he or she sees of achieving a goal, thus: (Force = valence x expectancy) where force is the strength of the persons motivation; valence is the strength of an individuals preference for an outcome; and expectancy, the probability that a particular action will lead to the desired outcome. (Santos, 2010) The precepts of the theory lend credence and basis to the present research study. The Calapan Police Station is institutionalized with multifarious objectives to accomplish and attain wherein its members are driven and motivated to maintain peace, order and establish the atmosphere of trust among women, children and youth by implementing the legal framework of peace keeping. In every effort taken by the Calapan Police Station it anticipates that positive results could be achieved because it fully perceives of overwhelming support it derives from the people aside from the fact that it has been endowed with technical, financial and human resources to succeed in its endeavor. Another theory which relates to the operations and services of thesis the Systems Theory to Operational Management by Weirich and Koontz(2003). They emphasized that an organized enterprise does not, of course, exist in a vacuum. It is rather dependent on its external environment which is a part of a larger system to which it belongs, the economic system and society. Thus, the enterprise receives inputs, transforms them, and exports the outputs to the environment. (Griffin, 2009) The inputs from the external environment include people, capital and managerial kills as well as technical knowledge and skills. Various groups of people make demands on the enterprise. Basically, managers transform the inputs, in an effective and efficient manner, into outputs. The transformation process can be viewed from different perspectives, thus, one can focus on such diverse enterprise functions as finance, production, personnel and marketing. Particularly, the transformation processes are viewed according to an approach to management. The relationship of the theory to the present research study points the significance of resources available at the Calapan Police Station , which it needs to use very effectively in implementing R. A. 9262. These resources, of whatever types and kinds, largely contribute to the success of the programs prepared for women, children and youth especially if proper management of resources used is planned together by the group. However, the insufficiency of the resources, may mean a partial or total failure. Meanwhile, the responses and reception of beneficiaries to the program are also valuable in determining the effectiveness of the R. A. 9262 in Calapan City. , thus, the Calapan Police Station could manifest satisfaction because it has been able to create better output from the inputs it has transformed. The Contingency Theory to Leadership as advanced by Fiedler (2003) is also related to the current research study. Contingency theory holds that people become leaders not only because of the attributes of their personalities but also because of various situational factors and the interactions between leaders and group members. (Carlos, 2007) Fiedler (2003) identifies three critical areas of leadership which help determine how leadership could be most effective, hence: position power; task structure; and leader-member relations are presented below: a. ) Position Power distinguishes a person from one another based on the power endowed to him. This helps leaders get members comply with directions and rules advocated by an organization. b. ) Task structure helps leaders in spelling out tasks to be assigned to a member whom leaders hold responsible for them. c. ) Leader-member relations determine how each and every member of an organization comes to like, trust and follow the leader. All concepts of an organization incorporated in the preceding theory are binding to the present research. It is the researchers view that Calapan City Police Station plans, implements and evaluates its R. A. 9262 based on how the organization is set up and expected to function as guided by some standard operating procedures and orders. The Chief of Operations is definitely followed and whose power and authority are perceived with due high respect, however, the same has to treat subject his members with due respect and dignity. This is how the Calapan City Police Station as the organization functions, because it is an structured, hierarchically ordered and the leaders/members conceived of the significant contributions of their respective roles to the implementation of peace keeping thrusts. From all the three foregoing theories, the Calapan City Police Station derives its power, basis and thoughts of planning and implementing R. A. 9262. The Systems Approach to Operational Management, of all situations, is properly fitted and most related to the present research study. In general, the operations and services rendered by the Provincial Jail are dependent upon the kind of management practice and techniques adhered to by the PNP organization. All the three enumerated theories are quite similar to each other because each one of them has concentration on effective organizational function as influenced by the fundamental principles of motivation, leadership, and management. These theories properly represent all of the variables used in this research. As such status of the implementation of R. A. 9262 may be anchored on the precepts of Vrooms Theory of Motivation. Level of contribution and extent of effectiveness of operational services of the Calapan City Police Station may be incorporated in either Systems Approach to Operational Management by Weirich and Koontz and the Contingency Theory of Leadership by Fiedler. Conceptual Model Based on the theoretical discussions, the conceptual model is drawn below. IV DV Figure 1 Hypothesized Relationship and Difference Between Variables Figure 1 presents the conceptual model of the study. Two variables are included in the study. The independent variable is the impact of the R. A. In  terms of age, gender, healthcare, penalty and protection order. The dependent variable is the process of the R. A. 9262 in terms of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence , and economic violence. The one-headed arrow signifies the hypothesized relationship between variables. The two headed arrows inside the independent and dependent variables test the difference on their variables or sub-indicators. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The following are the summary of readings synthesized by the researcher from various literature and studies which have significant bearing to the current study. Foreign Literature According to O’canor During the USE RA 9262 National Network of Family Violence Prevention Programs (NNFVPP) Partners’ Assembly last October 17-20, 2011, participants shared that there is now an increasing number of women victim-survivors who file for Barangay Protection Orders (BPO) or formal cases against perpetrators of abuse/violence against women and their children (VAWC). Most of them attributed this progress to the organization. Quincy (2009) mentioned that Domestic abuse, also known as spousal abuse, occurs when one person in an intimate relationship or marriage tries to dominate and control the other person. Domestic abuse that includes physical violence is called domestic violence. Stuart (2001)mentioned that domestic violence and abuse are used for one purpose and one purpose only: to gain and maintain total control over you. An abuser doesn’t â€Å"play fair. † Abusers use fear, guilt, shame, and intimidation to wear you down and keep you under his or her thumb. Your abuser may also threaten you, hurt you, or hurt those around you. A World Bank (1993) study states that among women aged 15-44 worldwide, gender-based violence accounts for more death and ill-health than cancer, traffic injuries and malaria put together. Country-level studies of UNICEF (2000) estimates that there are 20 to 50 percent of women who have experienced domestic violence, making it the most prevalent form of gender-based violence. The same is true in the Philippines, where battering is the most prevalent, and rape second. Recognizing the seriousness of the problem. The data on violence against women and children is alarming. Congress passed R. A. No. 9262 which took effect on March 27, 2004. According to UNICEF,(2006) children living in families where domestic violence occurs may be exposed to intimate partner violence and abuse in a number of ways. They may be direct witnesses to abuse, may suffer harm incidental to the domestic abuse, may have their lives disrupted by moving or being separated from parents, may be used by the batterer to manipulate or gain control over the victim, and they themselves are more likely to be abused. Exposure to domestic violence is widespread internationally and it is associated with other forms of child maltreatment. According to the Federal (2010), domestic violence and abuse does not discriminate. It happens among heterosexual couples and in same-sex partnerships. It occurs within all age ranges, ethnic backgrounds, and economic levels. And while women are more commonly victimized, men are also abused—especially verbally and emotionally, although sometimes even physically as well. The bottom line is that abusive behavior is never acceptable, whether it’s coming from a man, a woman, a teenager, or an older adult. You deserve to feel valued, respected, and safe. According to Lundy Bancroft, among others, children are sometimes used by batterers to manipulate or spy on their victims, becoming a tool for the abusive partner. A batterer may threaten to take custody of or kidnap the children if the victim reports the abuse; he may also threaten to harm or kill the children. In addition, a batterer often insults and demeans his victim’s parenting of the children. He may also tell her that she will lose custody if she seeks help or tries to get a divorce because she allowed the abuse to happen. He may even harm the children in order to control their mother. During and after separation, batterers continue to use these tactics. Unsupervised visitation and joint custody, in particular, provide the batterer with opportunities to abuse, threaten and intimidate their former partners even when no longer living with them. Mothers’ and children’s human rights are violated by state actors in the U. S. such as the court system and child protection workers, which have been documented in Massachusetts and Arizona. According to the American Medical Association, the problem is not confined to the emergency departments. Physicians in all practice settings routinely see the consequences of violence and abuse, but often fail to acknowledge their violent etiologies, reported a 1994 AMA publication on domestic violence. By recognizing and treating the effects of domestic violence, and by providing referrals for shelter, counseling and advocacy, physicians can help battered women regain control of their lives. Local Literature Asia Society for Social Improvement and Sustainable Transformation (ASSIST) and the Women’s Crisis Center are holding Barangay Campaigns for the USE RA 9262 (Undertaking Survivors’ Experience in accessing RA 9262 – The Anti-Violence against Women and Children (Anti-VAWC) Act) Project on September 16, 17 and 18 in Brgy. UP Campus, Brgy. Bagong Silangan and Brgy. Sta. Lucia Domestic violence and abuse can happen to anyone, yet the problem is often overlooked, excused, or denied. This is especially true when the abuse is psychological, rather than physical. Noticing and acknowledging the signs of an abusive relationshipis the first step to ending it. No one should live in fear of the person they love. If you recognize yourself or someone you know in the following warning signs and descriptions of abuse, reach out. There is help available. According to the PNP (2009), Melissa Martel stands out among thousands of women who suffered abuse because she is probably the first woman who got a Temporary Protection Order against her husband, whom she sued for Frustrated Parricide. The Family Court of Makati City issued a Temporary Protection Order on May 4, 2004, a day after Melissa’s petition. Without Republic Act No. 9262, otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (Anti-VAWCA), abused women would not have such an immediate relief. DSDW (2008, state that the Anti-VAWCA is a result of nine years of advocacy of victim-survivors, women’s rights and human rights advocates, non-government organizations, and government organizations led by the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. This law is also in compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) which the Senate ratified in 1981. According to, he has a three-year-old law, RA 9262, protecting the interests of battered wives and their children and giving substance to the equality of the sexes. Well and good. (Federico D. Pascual JR, 2004) But now some of the menfolk hit by the â€Å"Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004† complain that the law is skewed against the male partner as even abusive women are favored. There was this seaman, for instance, faithfully sending dollars to his wife. She was not communicating, because, he learned later, she was having an affair. One day the car he bought when he was still single figured in an accident while being driven by his wife’s paramour. When he refused to reconcile and live with his wife upon his return, she sued under RA 9262. The court issued a protection order and the seaman lost all his properties registered under his wife’s name. He was even ordered to surrender his car to her. In another case, a woman colluded with her live-in partner’s children from a prior marriage to partition for themselves the properties while the man was away serving sentence in prison. Soon after his return, the woman abandoned him and applied for a protection order by alleging physical and psychological violence. The woman then used the court order to try to evict him from his own residence without hearing.   According to the 2008 Statistical Report of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCFRW), violence against women (VAW) cases in the Philippines rose to 21 percent from the 2007 report. With the implementation of the Republic Act 9262 (RA 9262) or the Anti Violence against Women and Children Act of 2004, it is alarming that the number of violations against women’s rights did not decrease and has in fact risen. Thus, the USE RA 9262 – Undertaking Survivors’ Experiences in accessing RA 9262 – Web Portal seeks to enhance the existing network of individual, groups, non government organizations (NGOs) and government institutions who are advocating the effective implementation of the law for the promotion of women’s rights. The USE RA 9262 Web Portal is a compendium of related literature, studies and discussions from the different stakeholders advancing anti violence against women and children (VAWC). Foreign Studies Researchers Evan Stark, directors of the University of Connecticut Health Care Centers Domestic Violence Training Project, on his study â€Å"Impact and Reaction on R. A. 9262† have concluded that domestic violence may be the single most common cause of injury among women seeking medical attention, surpassing auto accidents, muggings, and rape combined. Their studies show that 40 percent of the women seeking medical attention are, or have been, victims of such violence. They estimate that from 20 to 25 percent of the women in the United States––more than 12 million––are at risk of being abused by an intimate male partner. As many as 4 million women are battered each year in this country; nearly three thousand are killed. Melissa Wade, (2008) on her study entitled â€Å"Violence against Women and Children† found at that many women, victims of domestic violence, live in fear of pain and death. They are isolated, often lacking in self-esteem. They tend to blame themselves for what is happening and they try to explain away the bruises and broken bones. They may suffer depression and anxiety; some turn to drugs or alcohol and attempt suicide. A surprising number of them prove to be survivors; they develop strategies to endure and to protect themselves and their children. However, without help, escape is terrifyingly difficult. Few can simply walk away. Even if they flee, they may be stalked, harassed, or killed. Miley Wilhelm,(2009) on her Master’s Thesis entitled â€Å"Implementation of R. AS. 9262† found out that the traumatic impact of domestic violence on children is well documented. Rich or poor, these are children at risk. Most survive (often at great physical and emotional cost), others do poorly in school, drop out, or run away. Some turn to violent crime, some find marginal jobs, and others may even have successful careers. They have children and repeat the violent cycle: abused boys and girls who become abusive parents. Mary M. Ricafort, (2005) on her Master Thesis entitled â€Å"Effectiveness of R. A. 9292 on the Children and Women† found out that school children show that youngsters from violent homes are twice as likely to commit brutal acts as children growing up in nonviolent homes; victims of child abuse and/or neglect are far more apt to become violent teenagers; the highest rates of youth violence and criminal conduct occur where there is both spouse abuse and child abuse. Anne H. Flitcraft, (2008) on her study entitled â€Å"Violation against Women and Children† found out an alarming connection between family violence and violent juvenile behavior. Violence of all kinds is on the increase. U. S. Justice Department reports show that the number of juveniles charged with violent crimes is up sharply; the murder rates have more than doubled in two decades; the suicide rate has doubled. While their numbers may be relatively small, the most violent of these youngsters display shocking behavior. The damage they do is horrendous. The cost of apprehending and incarcerating these violent young criminals runs into the billions of dollars. Graham-Bermann Seng (2005),on their study entitled â€Å"Violence Exposure and Traumatic Stress Symptoms as Additional Predictors of Health Problems in High-Risk Children† found out that low-income pre-school children in the U. S. State of Michigan found that nearly half of the children in the study had been exposed to at least one incident of mild or severe violence in the family. Those children who had been exposed to violence suffered symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, such as bed-wetting or nightmares, and were at greater risk than their peers of having allergies, asthma, gastrointestinal problems, headaches and flu. Whitfield, Anda, Dube, Felittle (2003),on their study entitled †Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults† found out that assessment in a large Health Maintenance Organization Children may be direct witnesses to domestic violence, often seeing abusive incidents or hearing violence as it happens in their homes and families. As witnesses, children may be considered secondary victims and can be harmed psychologically and emotionally. According to a study published in 2003, over 15 million children in the U. S. lived in families where intimate partner violence had occurred at least once in the past year, and seven million children live in families in which severe partner violence occurred. The National Network to End Domestic Violence, (2009)on their studies entitled â€Å"Domestic Violence Counts 2008: A 24-hour Census of Domestic Violence Shelters and Services† found out that children can be displaced by the domestic violence when they seek shelter along with their abused parent. While statistics are not available globally, many shelters take in children as well as their abused parent. According to a study of domestic violence shelters and services in the U. S. , in a single day in 2008, 16,458 children were living in a domestic violence shelter or transitional housing facility, while an additional 6,430 children sought services at a non-residential program. Local Studies Evelyn Cantos(2009) on her Master’s Thesis entitled â€Å"Impact of Domestic Violence on Womens† found out that violence seriously affects women’s health. Women who reported violence were more likely to report poor general health and reported more physical symptoms of ill health, emotional distress, miscarriages

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Indian Civilizations Essay Example

Indian Civilizations Essay Example Indian Civilizations Essay Indian Civilizations Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Indian Civilizations In the era studied this week, religion is the most significant factor. Indian civilization revolved around issues of religion. The Hindu and Buddhist religions played a significant role in the civilization of India. The allusion to the Bhagavad Gita and the reference to Hindu devotional worship reinforce the fact that religion is the most significant factor compared to the other factors. Religion forms part of Hindus’ everyday life. They referred to the Gita for wisdom, observed their religious devotions and practiced every bit of Hinduism. There were significant historical events that confirm the crucial role played by religion in Indian civilization. As India headed towards civilization, devotional movements increased in number. The most dominant aspect of Hindu religion was the belief in the existence of a personal God as enshrined in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata (De Bary, 323). It is also during this time that holy books such as the Purana, which talked about the divinity of God and his ability to become incarnate, gained popularity. With civilization, temples also gained popularity, in addition to being used as places of worship, they were places where people met to sing and dance as well as to practice their daily devotions. The temple cities such as Bhubaneswar attested to the fact that in Indian society religion came first. The second most crucial factor in this era of Indian civilization is society. Hindus were social people. The Gita taught them that to love one another is to achieve holiness (Mitchell, 22). Indians heeded this instruction, which laid down the framework for the interaction between religion and society. This can be seen from the devotional movements that were being formed at the time. The Indian society also ascribed to one religion and worshipped in instituted temples. Religion in the medieval Indian society was a communal venture there were various groups of devotions that comprised several people. Different schools and followers were formed because of the different doctrines available at the time. The Indian society was molded on the observance of these devotions and temples were built by kings for this purpose. Those who did not observe their devotions were lowly esteemed (De Bary, 326). Religion and society had a significant influence on the Indian’s way of life. As previously said, the Hindu holy books such as the Gita contained instructions on how people should conduct themselves. Religion played a vital role in eliminating castes. Many people put emphasis on devotions. Sources of Indian Tradition allude to the notion that some Indians even thought that caste did not show the position of someone in society (De Bary, 326).Someone’s social position depended on whether the person observes his or her devotions. The Indian society discriminated against people born into lower castes, such people being denied most basic freedoms. Religion became the unifying factor with Buddhism and Hindu playing a great role in making people equal. If I were writing a historical novel, I would represent this period in India with a character that was devout to his religion and who looked down upon those he considered of low social status. I would create a character from the economically backward caste. My character would be female of the Hindu religion, and probably a peasant farmer. I chose the above attributes for my character because India at the time was characterized by great religious devotion and social discrimination. The normal Indian of lower caste would probably be a peasant farmer who tilled a small piece of land for subsistence. Since Hindu was the popular religion, the person would probably be of the Hindu religion. I chose someone from the backward caste because I believe such a character will be able to reflect the degree of discrimination that existed at the time. De, Bary W. T. Sources of Indian Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. Print. Mitchell, Stephen. Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation. New York: Harmony Books, 2000. Print.

Interpersonal attraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal attraction - Essay Example People whom we are close with and love yet not passionately are meant to be our friends while we became lovers when we come to show and the feeling for passion with the opposite sex, since both of the two people are similar they do have the same feeling and they can commit to love each other but then we cannot be a lover of others when we are committed with this said our love one. Because of Similarity and physical attraction we've coming into socializing with others. Similarity is much happening between friends, like for example they are similar on what they do, like they have the same taste when it comes to dressings and interiors, you both like basketball rather than volleyball, and more. Similarity between others you is widely spread out to all friendships, that's the reason why your friends because you both can understand each other. When it comes to a deeper feeling of affection to the opposite sex will mean of a passionate love. Companionate love is what we felt for our friends as our company ion. We don't give special feelings for them like what we give to a person which we like most, not just a friend but more than a friend. Companionate love is different to passionate love.

Analyzing an organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing an organization - Essay Example The general public expects exceptional services of care and attention from these institutions and it is important for the organization design to be flawless and dependable. There are internal and external factors involved in shaping and organizational size, strategy and effectiveness are very important. There are many internal and external factors on which the organizational design depends on. These various dimensions of the organizational design are presented with their influences. When it comes to the size of an organization, it is greatly affected by the life-cycle of an organization. Since hospitals have complicated procedures to be amalgamated with streamlined operations to ensure maximum success, there are formal structures with employees having definite organizations duties and responsibilities. In a health care system, the tasks are highly specialized with detailed rules and instructions to direct the easiest as well as the most complicated procedures. ... The most important aspect of a health care institution is to provide quality service to its customers which in this case are the patients. The services of a health care organization are highly specialized with almost zero margin of error. Therefore, efficiency and accuracy is the need of such an organization and defines the core belief of such an organization. Therefore, generally hospital and health care organizations have a tall structure with hierarchical relationships take put high responsibilities on the people of the organizational chain. It has been researched and proved that big organizations are mechanical in their operational conductivity and therefore try and achieve maximum efficiency. This works in perfect unison with the needs and requirements of a health care institution (Pfeffer, 1978). Organization life cycle is another important internal factor that dictates the size of an organization. Just like a human being, organizations also have different stages of their life and therefore have different needs. In terms of a hospital, as the hospital becomes bigger, it adds more functions and research departments in itself and therefore becomes bigger and bigger. They amalgamated processes and increase in size. The number of levels within an organization increase as the level of complexity increases of the service or the product that is being provided by the organization. Environment is another important factor dictating the organizational design. There are many external factors that influence a hospital’s development of strategy, its size and processes. The need of its biggest stakeholder, the customer, streamlines the basic work ethic of the organization. The organization strives to provide quality life saving service

War and Peace Among People and nations Research Paper

War and Peace Among People and nations - Research Paper Example War can be defined as organized conflict carried out by countries, states, organizations and even gangs. With war comes economic social and civil disruption and upset of power in society. War started out as small raids way before mankind’s civilization. Civilization according to the new world encyclopedia is where people live together as societies so as to form settled dwellings and cities. Before this, war was just for food and territory between a few. With civilization and the progress of mankind the reasons changed from physical to ideological as was seen in the world wars and more so in the cold war between capitalist and communist ideology. There many reasons why humans state and sovereign nations go to war. Natural Resources have been a key factor in most wars, land, minerals, money. The gulf war for example was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990. Some of the major reasons for the invasion as stated by the then President Saddam were that Kuw ait was in essence a province of Iraq. He was very bitter that Iraq remained landlocked and claimed that before the British colonialist drew up the boarders they were one with Kuwait. Another reason was that Kuwait was overproducing oil and exporting it at a lower price and it affected the market. This was generally not good for Iraq which had just come from the Iraq-Iran war. Her economy had weakened and she was deeply in debt. But there are also noble reasons why humans go to war. The united states civil war to liberate black Americans from slavery and to salvage a country and that is one of the major factor that has led to the prosperity of the united states of America. Humans also go to war to gain freedom from oppression and to stop human rights abuse this has been seen mostly in African countries through civil wars and uprisings against dictator’s and violent oppressors. In world war two, states went to war to stop Hitler who was responsible for mass killing and discrim ination in his country. The mass slaughter of innocent citizens pushed many people from all over the world to enlist into the war against the Nazi regime. Hitler’s mad regime had to be stopped at all cost. His declaration of war against France and Britain made him a threat to the people of the two nations . The USA justified it joining the gulf by stating it had geopolitical interest in the region and that the attack on sovereign Kuwait was unacceptable. In some cases justifications are vague allied interest tend to give the impression of an underling agenda. Extremist and terrorist groups criticize outside influence and blame it on the lack of prosperity and development in their own countries. Some have religious justification, they believe that certain groups of people are cursed because of diversity. War however is but one of many other ways to solve conflict. International sanctions is one method that has proven effective to countries and leaders who violate human rights and oppress there people. During the gulf war, the UN gave heavy sanctions that were carried out against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. Navy blockades were placed all around to enforce the blockade. Sanctions are one way of ensuring that co-operation since they stopped the country’s import and export suffocating its economy and starving her. Germany too suffered huge loss to such a point that had to ration out food due to a British blockade that stop any ship

Myphone Business Plan For Mobile Phone Shop

Myphone Business Plan For Mobile Phone Shop The purpose for this business plan to study the feasibility to establish a mobile phone showroom in Abu Dhabi City, the capital of United Arab Emirates. The showroom will offer Nokia mobile phones as main product. Along with that we will offer a wide range of accessories and relevant spare parts. MyPhone provides both mobile phones products and services to make them useful to private users. We are especially focused on providing customer satisfaction to our esteemed customers. The products include both hand held mobile telephone sets and servicing the products after sales along with giving the necessary training and support. The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients. We will not be able to compete in any effective way with the chains using boxes or products as appliances. We need to offer a real alliance. The benefits we sell include many intangibles: confidence, reliability, knowing that somebody will be there to answer questions and help at the important times. The definitive worldwide standard for wireless communications has just broken through the 200 million-customer barriers. However, the GSM industry is one of the most impressive success stories of the 1990s and currently generates more than $100 Billion a year in subscriber revenues alone. We have some major mobile phone distributors in the city, such like Emirates Computers, Juma Al-Majed and Jumbo Electronics. If our strategy works, we will have differentiated ourselves sufficiently to not have to compete against these stores. Our strategy hinges on providing excellent service and support. This is critical. We need to differentiate on service and support, and to therefore deliver as well. Our business is a retail store. The ideal place for the prospected Showroom will be at the new constructed shopping center in Tourist Club Area at East Side of Abu Dhabi City. In order to hold costs down as much as possible, we concentrate our purchasing with Nokia Regional Office in Jabel Ali at Dubai. We are going to have four major employees: Manger, Sales Lady, Technician and accountant. There are some factors that will affect severely on the growing of our proposed business, such like: Customer is looking into factory guarantee for replacement the defected sets. Nokia corporation will grant us immediately this kind of warranty. Usually customers are insisting in buying only the original spare parts and accessories. Therefore we are going to offer only original spare parts and accessories to gain the customer satisfaction. Index Business Overview: Vision Statement: Products: Key Features of Products: Production of Product: Company Industry: Overview of the Industry Community: Major Competitors: Comparative Advantages: Future Products Services: Operations: Location Premises: Purchase: Resources: Management: Management Structure: Professional Services Employee Training: Risks Plans to Minimize: Implementation Schedule: 1) Business Overview: 1.1 Vision Statement: MyPhone is such a vendor. It serves its clients as a trusted ally, providing them with the loyalty of a business partner and the economics of an outside vendor. We make sure that our clients have what they need to run their private and business life as well as possible, with maximum efficiency and reliability. Our ambitious is mission critical, so we give our clients the assurance that we will be there when they need us. 1.2 Products: MyPhone provides both mobile phones products and services to make them useful to private users. We are especially focused on providing customer satisfaction to our esteemed customers. The products include both hand held mobile telephone sets and servicing the products after sales along with giving the necessary training and support. In mobile phones, we support three main lines: The less feature mobile telephone set, which is our smallest and least expensive line, initially positioned by its manufacturer as low-income users. We use it mainly as a cheap mobile phone for workers and non- professional people. The Power User is our main up-scale line. It is our most important mobile telephone set for high-end individual as classified for medium range of income, because of they are the majority of the users, and they are requiring sets with more features and large capacity batteries. However, we will offer a luxury type of mobile telephone set with extreme fancy looking and elegant design, for the upper class of the society and manly for the Ladies who are impressed for such model as part of their prestige in the society. In service and support, we offer a range of walk-in service and guarantees through our well capable workshop and professional technician. 1.3 Key Features of Products: The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients. We will not be able to compete in any effective way with the chains using boxes or products as appliances. We need to offer a real alliance. The benefits we sell include many intangibles: confidence, reliability, knowing that somebody will be there to answer questions and help at the important times. These are complex products, products that require serious knowledge and experience to use, and our competitors sell only the products themselves. Unfortunately, we cannot sell the products at a higher price just because we offer services; the market has shown that it will not support that concept. We have to also sell the service and charge for it separately. 1.4 Production of Product: As we are attending to be as a distributor only for one of the major brand of Mobile Phone in the market Nokia. Therefore we will import or stock directly, and it will not be any kind of production in our firm. Moreover, our business will depend on retailing and not on production. 2) Company Industry: 2.1 Overview of the Industry Community: The Industry: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The definitive worldwide standard for wireless communications has just broken through the 200 million-customer barriers. Achieving this milestone of 200 million subscribers to GSM services is the powerful result of the continuing need for people to communicate and access information on the move. With four new customers every second, the latest figures exceed, yet again, all industry predictions and demonstrate the persistently dramatic growth of GSM throughout the world. As at the end of 1997, there were more than 200 million mobile phone subscribers worldwide and the global sales volume was over 100 million units, an increase of about 50% from the previous year. By the end of the year 2001, it is believed that the global subscriber base will have grown to approximately 600 million. Coupled with the subscriber increase, the mobile phone sales volumes are growing due to the rise of the replacement market. GSM has established itself as the worlds leading digital wireless standard, and it is believed that the current growth rates will continue for the foreseeable future. At present levels, it is confident in the predictions that by the year 2005, it will have achieved between 700 million and One Billion GSM customers worldwide. The GSM industry is one of the most impressive success stories of the 1990s and currently generates more than $100 Billion a year in subscriber revenues alone. Its impressive growth rates are once again attributed to soaring global markets and the sustained penetration of new emerging markets. In all the markets it has been starting to see a widespread take-up of a host of GSM value added services, beyond voice usage, including data and text applications. This demonstrates how GSM is an evolving technology that offers exciting new services and opportunities for subscribers. The future is even more exciting, as the development path for the GSM standard is clearly mapped out and presents an exciting era of applications and services that will stretch the bounds of the imagination. It is moving closer and closer to the delivery of third generation services, which will see multi-media applications, internet access and access to real-time video, via GSM-based networks and handsets. This will ensure that GSM continues to be the standard of choice and heralds continued massive customer growth in the years to come. The Emirates Telecommunication Corporation Etisalat: The UAE has a prominent status in the field of telecommunications as its achievements are reaching the quality and standards of the developed countries. The demands for telecommunications facilities in the UAE are growing at a phenomenal rate. The local Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (ETISALAT) which is 60% state-owned controls this sector and 40% owned by private UAE investors. Since its creation in 1976, Etisalat has increased the number of telephone lines from 50,000 to over 850,000 and plans to raise switching capacity by an annual rate of 100,000. In the UAE, demand for new lines is growing at about 12% per year. Etisalat, motivated by the realization that attractive infrastructure would encourage many businesses to locate in the UAE, has become one of the most profitable telecommunications organizations in the Gulf region and has joined in a number of projects, ranging from a 19,000 kilometers fiber-optic cable to link Europe with South-East Asia. The first stage of the cable link is to lay the so-called Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG), which will use the most modern submarine technology and provide the UAE with links capable of carrying around 120,000 voice channels at any one time. Etisalat is the name that spells reliable communications in the UAE with global connectivity. Etisalat provides services on a par with the best in the world and has an advanced communications network, which is virtually fault free. All switching systems are digital, common channel signaling system number 7 (SS7) has been introduced, and an analog mobile radio network has been operating successfully for several years. Some of the state of the art services being offered by Etisalat: Telephone Service: This is done through public call offices, pay phones, smart card and credit card operated pay phones, smart card operated pay phones, and others. A report by the Etisalats director general showed that the direct telephone switchboard lines increased by (10 %) lines yearly and totaling 850,000 at the end of 1999. Telephone lines percentage also increased from 29 to 31 for each 100 people which places the UAE in the lead of the Gulf region. The report also indicated an increase of 27.9% in public phones with an amount of 20,000 at the end of 1999 compared to 12,078 in 1995. As far as mobile phones are concerned, the number of subscriptions reached 1.2 million in end of 1999 compared to 128,495 in 1995. As it is roughly one-in-two of the population and 30,000 to 40,000 new phones were being sold each month. Thus Etisalat maintained its leading position among the countries of the region by realizing the highest growth rates of mobile phones at 50 phones for every 100 people. The Global System for Mobile GSM Communication The digital mobile system which gives a new dimension to mobile communications has been in growing demand because of its satisfactory requirements for national mobile radio networks. These are high performance, international compatibility, fully digital operation, and encrypted air-interface. The UAE is one of the first countries in the Gulf region to introduce this service to serve the social and economic developments in the country. One of the main benefits of the GSM, is the ability to use the GSM service on most of the GSM networks around the world, Charges: GSM service connection Dhs 200 once only GSM service subscription Dhs 90 per quarter SIM card Dhs 30 Call charges (Normal Rate) Dhs 0.39/min. 7:00am to 2:00pm and 4:00pm to 12:00am, (For all days of the week) Call charges (Cheap Rate) Dhs 0.21/min. 2:00pm to 4:00pm and 12:00am to 7:00am, (on all days of the week) International Calls Normal IDD rates apply Emirates Internet: The UAEs window to the world offering connectivity to an unlimited number of network, computers, and users worldwide. The Emirates Internet was established in June 1995. The number of Internet subscribed reached over 25,000 by the end of November 1997. Fax Plus: A new fax plus state-of-the-art service with a host of advanced facilities which lets the person operate even without owning a fax machine. Paging Service: This radio paging service enables people on the move to be in touch in an easy and economical way almost anywhere in the UAE. According to Al Ittihad Newspaper, the UAE is ranked 7th worldwide, with 10% of the population using this service. Voice Mail Service: This includes videoconference service, consultation services, and interactive information service. ATM Service: The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a new service launched recently in order to speed up connections to customers. This is a broadband communications technology, which provides a way of transporting data from a wide range of applications using one seamless network. This service is being introduced to cater for the growing needs of education and business in the UAE and as part of Etisalats planning for the future. Satellite A new satellite company called Al-Thurayya Satellite Communications Organization was launched in January 1997. Its capital is worth $25 million and owned 26% by Etisalat, 20% by the Abu Dhabi Investments Company, 10% by the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Arabsat), and 10% by Bahrain Telecommunications Company (Batelco), and 44% is owned by other Arab government. The company was set up to own and operates the Thurayya satellite system, which will serve the rapidly expanding mobile phone sector. It will cover the Arab states and part of Europe and the Indian sub-continent. The Community: Abu Dhabi City: Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates. Its population was estimated 850,000 on 1998, with 70% males. The Gross National Product was estimated on the same fiscal year at Dhs. 65,850 per Capita which equivalent to U.S.$ 17,870. The Gross National Private Local Consumer was Dhs 25,040 per capita. The Gross National Government Consuming was Dhs 10,582 per capita. The Gross National Expenditure was Dhs 48,926 per capita. Which can be lead to be one of the highest per capita in the world. Abu Dhabi is very Modern City. Most of its constructions are less than 15 years old. Since it is the U.A.E. capital, it is containing all the headquarters of the Federal Ministries and other government departments and authorities, beside all the oil and gas companies headquarters, more than 63 local and international banks and many regional offices of the multinational companies. In addition to that, Abu Dhabi has One public women university Zayed University, two campuses of Higher Colleges of Technologies and several colleges branches. 2.2 Major Competitors: a) Major Distributors: We have some major mobile phone distributors in the city, such like Emirates Computers, Juma Al-Majed and Jumbo Electronics. If our strategy works, we will have differentiated ourselves sufficiently to not have to compete against these stores. Strengths: national image, high volume, aggressive pricing, and economies of scale. Weaknesses: lack of product, service and support knowledge, lack of personal attention. b) Other Local Stores: There are more than one hundred retail mobile phone Stores in Abu Dhabi city. These tend to be small businesses, owned by people who started them because they liked mobile phones. They are under-capitalized and under-managed. Margins are squeezed as they compete against the major distributors and against each other in an attempt to match prices. The competition based on price more than on service and support. When asked, the owners will complain that the major distributors squeeze margins and customers buy on price only. They say they tried offering services and that buyers didnt care, instead preferring lower prices. We think the problem is also that they didnt really offer good service, and also that they didnt differentiate from the major distributors. Moreover they are depending in the gray market. 2.3 Comparative Advantages: The marketing of mobile services to business users, and more recently to consumers, has resulted in spectacular growth in the number of subscribers in Gulf Area. Operators now face the challenges of rising customer quantity, the prospect of declining revenue per subscriber, and the scrutiny of performance by investors. Achieving success in these new market conditions calls for a change in strategy from mobile operators a fresh approach to marketing, distribution and customer service to attract more new customers whilst retaining existing customers and protecting future revenue. The buyers understand the concept of service and support, and are much more likely to pay for it when the offering is clearly stated. There is no doubt that we compete much more against all the box pushers than against other service providers. We need to effectively compete against the idea that businesses should buy mobile phones as easy and friendly appliances that dont need ongoing service, support, and training. Our focus group sessions indicated that our target professional users think about price but would buy based on quality service if the offering were properly presented. They think about price because thats all they ever see. We have very good indications that many would rather pay 10-20% more for a relationship with a long-term vendor providing back up and quality service and support; they end up in the box-pusher channels because they arent aware of the alternatives. Availability of the stock is also very important. The buyers tend to want immediate, local solutions to problems. However, our value proposition has to be different from the standard retail shops. We offer our target customer, who is service seeking and not self reliant, a vendor who acts as a strategic ally, at a premium price that reflects the value of reassurance that sets will work. Moreover, our competitive edge is our positioning as strategic ally with our clients, who are clients more than customers. By building a business based on long-standing relationships with satisfied clients, we simultaneously build defenses against competition. The longer the relationship stands, the more we help our clients understand what we offer them and why they need it. Service and Support Our strategy hinges on providing excellent service and support. This is critical. We need to differentiate on service and support, and to therefore deliver as well. 2.4 Future Products Services: We must remain on top of the new technologies, because this is our bread and butter. For telephone sets, we need to provide better knowledge of cross GSS and WAP technologies. Also, we are under pressure to improve our understanding of direct-connect Internet and related communications. Finally, although we have a good command of accessories, we are concerned about getting better at the integration of technologies that creates fax, WAP, E-mail, and voice mail as part of the mobile Telephone set. 3) Operations: 3.1 Location Premises: Our business is a retail store. Therefore in this type of business the customer will come to it, not the sales person has to go to the customer. It is kind of pulling sales strategy not pushing sales strategy. Thus, the physical location will be the key to success or failure to this business. However, the ideal place for the prospected Showroom, after taking in consideration the locations for the others competitors, will be at the new constructed shopping center in Tourist Club Area at East Side of Abu Dhabi City. As in new shopping center, we will enjoy the being in the summit reputation beside the advantage of parking lot availability, which has become a great problem in the city in these days. The shop will be at the ground floor. To grantee that all the visitors of this particular Shopping Center will have the chance to see the place and they will be aware that a new mobile showroom will be available for them. Furthermore, we can utilize the front of the showroom to demonstrating the products in front of the shoppers, They will see and know what kind of products we are offering before they have even entered to the showroom. The area for the place is suggested to be not less than 100 square meters that can be distributed as the following: Lounge with area of 50 square meter. Two small offices one for the showroom manager and the other for the accountant with area of 6 square meters for each of them. Store with an area of 5 square meters, for the products with necessary cabinets. Service Area of 20 square meters furnituing with necessary tables, counter and cabinets. 3.2 Purchase: Our costs are part of the margin squeeze. As competition on price increases, the squeeze between manufacturers price into channels and end-users ultimate buying price continues. With the mobile phone sets, our margins are declining steadily. It is being squeezed to more like 13-15% at present. In the main-line accessories a similar trend shows, with prices declining steadily. In order to hold costs down as much as possible, we concentrate our purchasing with Nokia Regional Office in Jabel Ali, which offers 30-day net terms and overnight shipping from the warehouse at Jabel Ali in Dubai. We need to concentrate on making sure our volume gives us negotiating strength. Moreover, In accessories and add-on we can still get decent margins, 25% to 40%. 3.3 Resources: a) We are going to have four major employees: Employee Responsibilities Manger Supervising and Purchasing affairs Sales Lady Sales Affairs Technician Workshop Affairs Accountant Accounts and Bookkeeping We are in need for very little equipment to run the project; this equipment will be bought. As no trend in United Arab Emirates to rent such equipment. 4) Management: The management in the our firm believes very strongly that relationships should be forthright, work should be structured with enough room for creativity, and pay should be commensurate with the amount and quality of work completed. 4.1 Management Structure: Owner Manager Accountant Sales Lady Technician 4.2 Professional Services Employee Training: A) Legal Affairs: Especially in the beginning, therefore we have already negotiated with a very respectful Advocate office in Abu Dhabi City, who is having a good experience in the commercial and civil affairs. He will take care for all the Legal Affairs, including Renting Contract, Maintenance Contract, and Labor/Employee Contracts, Revising the purchasing and banking agreements, etc. B) Accounting Procedures: The financial information is too essential for an well-organized business firm. Therefore a bookkeeping system has to be maintained to include all the account procedures. Moreover, all the payments to be made preferably by checks, and not by cash. The daily sales to be deposited in the bank next working day. However to organize the purchasing of the goods, They would be imported by the banks letter of credit (L.C.) only. C) Insurance Expenses: Our mobile phone showroom should insure the business along with its stock. As our business requires insurance for such robbery crimes or thefts. Further, we will insure our staff. We can estimate the insurance premium at Dhs. 6,000 for the First year. As revenue increases in the second and third year of Business. D) Banking Affairs: As the purchasing of the main product will be from Jabel Ali warehouse of regional company of Nokia, therefore the financing of such deals should be on Letter of Credit (LC). We will intend to open two current accounts with two different banks, which will give us more flexibility in the finance procedures. Employee Training: We will have only four staff. These staff will hire them, with sufficient experience in the relative field. Therefore, no training is mainly required at the beginning. However, the regional office of Nokia in Jabel Ali Free Zone, they are organizing such training session, whenever new product is introduce to the market. Therefore we are planning to send our technician to these training session whenever they will be made available. 4.3 Risks Plans to Minimize: There are some factors that will affect severely on the growing of our proposed business, such like: Customer is looking into factory guarantee for replacement the defected sets. Since we are purchasing directly from the regional office in Jabel Ali free zone. Therefore, Nokia corporation will grant us immediately this kind of warranty. However some other retail shops are buying their product from the gray market in Dubai. In this case, they can not offer any kind of grantee in their products. Moreover, we are attending to put this information on all of our advertising campaigns and sale brochures. Usually customers are insisting in buying only the original spare parts and accessories (which are coming from same manufacture). Therefore we are going to offer only original spare parts and accessories to gain the customer satisfaction.

Genetically Modified Food and Gm Foods Essay

It’s been said that humans are what they eat. The relationship humans have with food is unappreciated. Food is the fuel that keeps humans going, gives them the energy needed to be creative and productive; it is the building block of society, after all, it wasn’t until the Neolithic Era, when humans figured out a way to domesticate plants and animals, that any form of organized society formed. Even during the previous hunter-gatherer foraging era, humans were very connected to the food they ate; understanding where it came and having an idea of how it came to be was crucial to knowing what was vital to survive. In this time, food sources like grains, fruits, and vegetables were naturally abundant, whole. Humans could choose between many different types of nutritious food because there were thousands of varieties of species. Unfortunately, as populations grew and more civilized societies formed, various farming techniques were created, and a vast majority of these species became extinct to make way for the harvesting of a select few (Pringle). In the industrial era, societies around the world, especially western ones, emphasized the importance of technological advancements. With this pursuit of technology, nature became something to control rather than live with; an attempt at making life simpler, better. Breaching the gap between nature and technology is optimization. It is this obsession with optimization that most accurately characterizes contemporary America. Undoubtedly, it comes with great costs. As it turns out, optimization is a business, and a profitable one. Thus, the costs and effects of optimization are often hidden from the public by industrial leaders in an effort to maintain profits. They control the businesses they run and protect themselves by dumping millions of dollars into politics. Today, it seems that the gap between nature and technology has been breached with the propagation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The aliens that now fill supermarkets nationwide represent the ultimate disconnect from natural, whole foods necessary for a healthy lifestyle. People are relatively uninformed about GM foods, issues include: their benefits, the testing and safety, the harmful effects they can have on the body and environment, the government’s role as overseer, the labeling controversy, and the â€Å"substantially equivalent† principle; all of these issues are conveniently hidden vitalities in understanding the danger, the deleterious effects, and the risks of GM foods. In tackling these issues, an additional understanding of the historic background of how GMOs came to be is equally important. Advocates for the rapid advance of technology will cite the numerous positive breakthroughs, the internet, healthcare, the numerous inventions; it’s hard to argue with, which is why when addressing GM foods, the emphasis should be placed on the relationship between technology and nature, specifically within the food industry, and how this relationship has become too intimate, to the point where it’s difficult to differentiate between technology and nature. The courtship leading to the marriage between technology and nature is exemplified in Peter Pringle’s book, Food, Inc. , in which he discusses the 1960’s Green Revolution, a turning point in agriculture during which producers moved from traditional to monoculture methods of farming. This vastly increased crop yields. But how? Farmers had high yields because they started to use fertilizers and pesticides containing chemicals like nitrogen, left over from World War II explosives. New irrigation systems were introduced and animals replaced some human labor in order to handle the large crop fields and monoculture agriculture provided food relief to starving nations post-war (Pringle). Farmers experienced a rude awakening when yields started to decline due to a number of unforeseen or unaddressed consequences. Although the Green Revolution saved or improved millions of lives during the 1960’s, little consideration was given to the future effects it could have on environmental sustainability. The lack of food plant diversity eventually led to multiple problems, like the mass destruction of crops that had contracted disease or succumbed to pesticide-resistant insects, chemically saturated and overly watered soils, and an inevitable decline in production yields (Pringle). Obviously, the United States needed to find a solution to this problem. By the late 1900s, many scientists and biotechnologists approved and advocated genetic engineering as the most viable solution. This process is best described by Lauren and Robin Ticciati in their book, Genetically Modified Foods: Are They Safe? You Decide. According to the Ticciati’s, scientists planned to take a gene from one completely different organism and insert it into the plant in order to make it yield a desired outcome (Ticciati). The goal was to create food plants that could grow and withstand harsh conditions like pesticides, infertile soil, unfavorable climates, and geographical locations. Despite wariness from skeptical environmentalists about the unknown future effects of genetic food engineering, the companies who profit from this new food technology proclaimed it to be the wave of the future. As the Ticciati’s evidenced, in 1996, when the FDA approved the use of genetically engineered foods with no special label requirements, the GM foods were introduced on grocery market shelves with relatively no consumer awareness. This is just another example of how society is not clueless by choice. If this seems a harsh diagnosis, take into context what Kathleen Hart exemplified in her book, Eating in the Dark; a survey which took place just a couple years after GM foods were released revealed about two-thirds of the American adult population had no idea that supermarkets were carrying such items (Hart). Since then, GMOs have become part of the staple food products in the diets of the everyday consumer. Part of the problem is that nobody is exactly sure how harmful GM foods are, but there is substantial evidence to show that they can have a devastating effect on the economy, the human body, and the environment. In Food, Inc. , Pringle discusses the farming method of artificial hybrid breeding which became a huge success in the mid-1900s and attracted a lot of commercial attention, spawning the term â€Å"agribusiness. † Scientists found that by crossing-breeding â€Å"two varieties [of a species of plant] that had been inbred, [and] fertilized by their own pollen for three or four generations showed a tremendous leap in hybrid vigor, with grain yields up to 50 percent higher [than the natural bred variety]† (Pringle). Unfortunately, when naturally crossed in the farmers’ fields, the hybrids’ strength did not withstand, so farmers had to rely on industry-produced super seeds. An economic boom occurred within the seed and fertilizer industries, with businesses rapidly sprouting up like the crops they helped produce. A few decades later â€Å"the early warnings of genetic uniformity suddenly became a reality,† (Pringle). One alarming discovery was the fact that since only one type of species was being harvested in a given area, if a crop contracted a disease, the entire field was wiped out, which meant no income that season for many farmers (Pringle). The companies who were invested in this new agricultural era and had seen the enormous profit potential in having a hand in controlling the food chain were not going to just quit. They pushed further into science, seeking ways to alter a species’ genetic make-up in order for it to conform to optimization, instead of considering natural solutions to these problems (Pringle). Today, there are GM super foods that are so genetically modified that they differ starkly from their ancestors. It is a teeter-totter industry; either profits are extremely high (like they have been for so long) or the industry fails and profits cease to exist. The latter doesn’t look like it’s going to occur any time soon because the government is firmly grasped by the biotech food companies that control the GM food industry. The most prominent of these companies, Monsanto, falsely advocates the necessity for GM foods, with the real motive the preservation of profits. Monsanto executive Hugh Grant claims â€Å"they [GM foods] can help feed the world and preserve the environment by reducing the need for pesticides,† (Harvest of Fear). Others advocate the hope that GM technology can save lives, like scientist Charles Arntzen, who is working on GM techniques to make edible vaccines to combat viruses in developing countries, (Harvest of Fear). More recently, companies like AquaBounty Technologies are working to develop genetically engineered animals. AquaBounty’s AquAdvantage salmon has been touted as â€Å"as safe as food from conventional Atlantic salmon,† by the FDA, but is still being met with numerous opposition (Pollack). The salmon â€Å"contain a growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon and a genetic switch from the ocean pout that turns on an antifreeze gene,† which allows the salmon to make growth hormone in cold weather, whereas they usually produce it only in warm weather,† (Pollack). Genetic manipulation is causing drastic changes in the natural behavior of the organisms it’s implemented on, and it is believed that this could have multiple adverse effects on the environment and society. Those who have similar concerns, these cautious enemies to GM foods, can find strength in recent studies that are beginning to expose the numerous harmful effects of GM foods. In a study done by Gilles-Eric Seralini at the University of Caen in France, 200 rats were fed either genetically engineered corn or the herbicide Roundup and observed for two years, their entire life cycle and not just the normal ninety day period. It was found that they had an increased risk of developing tumors, suffering organ damage, and dying prematurely (Pollack, GMO Global Alert). Additional animal studies have shown other serious health risks associated with GM food consumption: infertility, immune dysregulation, accelerated aging, and changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, and gastrointestinal system (Genetic Roulette). To exemplify how this is portrayed in humans, statistical evidence shows that after 1996, when GMOs increased in the American diet, disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic constipation, gastrointestinal infections, Crohn’s disease, and gastroephageal reflux have all risen dramatically and consistently (Genetic Roulette). Further evidence indicates that GMOs cause food allergies, have increased toxicity, decreased nutritional value, and promote antibiotic resistance (UMN). Not only do GM foods have a great potential for negatively effecting humans, they are harmful to the environment. Companies like Monsanto claim that genetically modifying foods is environmentally friendly, but this has been proven wrong on a multitude of levels. There is lack of nutrients found in soil in which GM crops are planted (Ticciati). These crops hurt the soil and the food chain. The chemicals found in pesticides were not only killing pests but also small animals, especially birds, were also facing extinction (Robbins). Tampering with natural selection creates a domino effect and damages the entire ecosystem. Imposing an unnatural element in the form of GM foods changes the equation and disrupts natural balance, even if things balance out, they will be forever different, even this is dangerous. Although GM foods are responsible for massive crop yields and the increased food supply, the industry is precariously perched given the increasing amount of deleterious effects that are being exposed more and more each day. For this reason, the government needs to take action. This is another dilemma; it is easy to wonder how the government can do anything when it has such close relationships with the companies that all the fingers are being pointed at. The primary antagonist in this story is the company Monsanto, the inventor of saccharin, an artificial sweetener, and many additional products. Monsanto accounts for over two-thirds of genetically engineered soy, corn, and canola crops worldwide (Robbins). Hendrik Verfaillie, Monsanto’s Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, described the company’s aggressive strategy with, â€Å"The biggest mistake that anyone can make is moving slowly, because the game is going to be over before you start,† (Robbins). It is understandable that a company this big has a profoundly large impact on government rulings regarding its industry. With Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide bringing in billions of dollars, the industry convinced the Supreme Court to allow the patenting of genetically engineered seeds so that the offspring would become the property of the seed manufacturer. In Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment, Luke Anderson exemplifies the impact of this ruling by stressing the profound repercussions it will have on the future of living organisms; â€Å"This extraordinary decision by the U. S. Supreme Court heralded a new era. Once a shared heritage, the gene pool of plants, animals, and humans was now a commodity waiting to be bought and sold† (Anderson). What appears to be mainly a business venture is an extremely important political issue, with companies pouring millions into politics to stay afloat. This is exemplified by the following quote, from the documentary The Future of Food. Here, director D. K. Garcia focuses on the 2000 Presidential Election and the biotechnology issue: â€Å"Agricultural biotechnology will find a support occupying the White House next year, regardless of which candidate wins the election in November† (Garcia). The Future of Food reveals top ranking officials from the Supreme Court, such as Justice Clarence Thomas who previously represented Monsanto as their Lawyer for Regulatory Affairs, to Donald Rumsfeld, The Secretary of Defense, who was previously the President of Searle, a Monsanto subsidiary. Given their backgrounds, it is difficult to ignore the likelihood that their political stances would not be swayed. Even worse is Linda Fisher, who has switched roles between the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and Monsanto a number of times; she was Monsanto’s Executive Vice President for nearly a decade and Deputy Administrator for the EPA as well as Commissioner for George Bush’s administration (Garcia). It’s frightening that the EPA, which acknowledges and regulates pesticides emitted into the environment, is likely to be biased in regards to the approval of genetically modified organisms into the environment. Needless to say, it’s shocking to see the connections that pose how much of an apparent influence Monsanto and the other leading biotech companies have on government regulations of GMOs. Evidence of this influence is presented in Seeds of Deception, in which Micah Sifry states, â€Å"the four leaders of the biotech industry Monsanto, Dow, DuPont, and Novartis gave more than $3. 5 million in PAC, soft-money, and large individual contributions between 1995 and 2000, three-quarters of it to Republicans† (Smith). Stricter guidelines and extensive testing are not required because the companies have such strong political ties that they can influence the policy that is implemented upon them. In 1992, former U. S. Vice President, Dan Quayle, exemplifies this in his speech on behalf of the Council of Competitiveness, â€Å"We will ensure that biotech products will receive the same oversight as other products, instead of being hampered by unnecessary regulation† (Garcia). The FDA approved genetically modified foods with a high sense of hesitant reluctance. Consumers are supposed to rely on the FDA to determine if food is safe for consumption; the agency is supposed to be a protective one. This was a landmark decision for the FDA, a decision which required strong political influence for the agency to decide against its own principles. This is evidenced in The Future of Food; Dan Quayle and the Bush administration appointed Michael Taylor as Deputy Commissioner for Policy, which Andrew Kimbrell divulges in an interview, noting that Taylor was formerly Monsanto’s Senior Counsel at the King and Spaulding law firm. Taylor instituted a no-regulation policy and left it to the biotech companies to determine whether or not genetically modified food was deemed safe for human consumption (Garcia). As the examples presented indicate, the successful clearance of GM foods has been engineered by companies like Monsanto and politicians, almost as much as the foods themselves. With the FDA swept out of the way, the companies that dominated the biotech industry were free to roam as they pleased, testing at their fingertips. How can the consumers trust Monsanto to act in their best interest, especially when the company’s Director of Corporate Communication, Phil Angell, says things like â€Å"Monsanto should not have to vouchsafe the safety of biotech food. Our interest is in selling as much of it as possible. Assuring its safety is the FDA’s job,† (Robbins). Without extensive testing, which would almost certainly yield new truths about the harmful effects of GM foods, Monsanto can achieve its goal of selling as much as possible while disregarding the consequences this has on society and the environment. Testing is probably the biggest grey area of them all. The FDA has a persona of an overseer and protector, meaning that people generally believe that all food undergoes tests by the FDA to ensure their safety. Unfortunately, this couldn’t be further from the truth. Testing genetically modified foods is dependent on the words of the companies that develop them. According to Consumer Union’s Jean Halloran, â€Å"When a company comes in with data, the FDA looks at it and writes a letter saying, â€Å"Dear Monsanto, you supplied information regarding the safety of corn variety X and we are confident about what you’ve shown,† â€Å"It is your responsibility,† (CBS). The FDA is in a difficult position. It is presented with its initial objective of protecting the American people but now, with biotechnology and GM foods, it is faced with a decision of whether or not to promote the biotech industry. The FDA regulates GM foods as part of the â€Å"coordinated framework† of federal agencies that also includes the EPA and the United States Department of Agriculture (Bashshur). The problem is that this framework has been the subject of critical analysis and calls for redesign; it is outdated, with the FDA policy unchanged since 1992. It is available online and contains a searchable database that covers â€Å"genetically engineered crop plants intended for food or feed that have completed all recommended or required reviews,† (Bashshur). The policy places responsibility on the producer or manufacturer to assure the safety of the food, explicitly relying on the producer or manufacturer to do so: â€Å"Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the producer of a new food to evaluate the safety of the food and assure that the safety requirement of section 402(a)(1) of the act is met,† (Bashshur). It is also this policy that establishes that the â€Å"substantially equivalent† concept, with which the FDA judges most GM crops as â€Å"substantially equivalent† to non-GM crops. In these cases, GM crops are â€Å"designated as â€Å"Generally Recognized as Safe† under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) and do not require pre-market approval,† (Federation of American Scientists). Although these products are described as substantially equivalent, their manufacturers stress that they are different so that they can patent them and continue to profit. In this situation, the consumer must take the producer’s angle. Their products are dramatically different; their genetic composition is very different in comparison with that of their ancestral forms. In deciding whether or not to ingest these products, the consumer must realize that if the companies that produce them stress they are dramatically different, and there is minimal testing done on them, these GM food products could be extremely dangerous. Currently, there is no regulatory scheme requiring GM foods to be tested to see if it is safe for humans to eat or not. FDA guidance to the industry issued in 1997 covered voluntary â€Å"consultation procedures,† but â€Å"still relied on the developer of the product to provide safety data,† (Bashshur). There are numerous pieces of evidence that indicate that GM food testing is completely unregulated. The FDA’s policy is outdated and weak, â€Å"substantially equivalent† cannot be justified when such a small level of testing has been done. The fact that this policy has remained unchanged for two decades is staggering; there’s probably a lot of money keeping it that way. In tackling what Ramona Bashshur describes as the FDA’s â€Å"dual mission,† rational thought is vital. Although the FDA cannot ignore the opportunity to make scientific advances with the potential to better society, it must reflect on its original role, as a protector. While scientific advances with GMOs are rapidly continuing, there hasn’t been enough testing on them to determine how dangerous they are. If testing was done and the foods proved safe, which they probably wouldn’t, there would be nothing wrong with promoting it. In the meantime, as more and more harmful aspects of GM foods come to the surface, it would be smart for the FDA to revise its policy, improve the extent of testing done on these foods, so that America can move forward in science with the assurance that it won’t hurt its citizens. This is a difficult task; there is so much political influence on the industry that it may never occur. If the policy for testing cannot be amended, there is action that can be taken that could have a similar outcome. Specialized labeling for GM foods would set them apart from normal foods and make it easier for consumers to make healthy choices. In the United States, they aren’t labeled, while in Europe, Russia, China, and other countries, they are. This is an extremely popular movement in the United States. An example is California’s Proposition 37, which would’ve required â€Å"labeling on raw or processed food offered for sale to consumers if made from plants or animals with genetic material changed in specified ways. † And it would prohibit marketing â€Å"such food, or other processed food, as ‘natural,’† (Bittman). The numbers don’t lie; people supported Proposition 37; roughly 65% for to 20% against, with 15% undecided. From a national perspective on the labeling issue, 91% of voters believe that the FDA should require that â€Å"foods which have been genetically engineered or containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled to indicate that,† (Bittman). With these numbers as a reference for the support that Proposition 37 had, it’s hard to believe that it was struck down. Again, this is an instance of money having the loudest voice in the room. Money flew in from both sides, but the food companies that stood to lose in the situation, like Monsanto and The Hershey Co., contributed to what was â€Å"eventually a $44 million windfall for â€Å"No on Prop 37,† while proponents were only able to raise $7. 3 million,† (Almendrala). According to MapLight, an organization that tracks campaign contributions, biotech companies amassed $46 million to defeat the measure, with Monsanto contributing $8. 1 million and Kraft Foods, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola each contributing at least $1. 7 million (Pollack). In contrast, those who backed Proposition 37 were only able to contribute $9. 2 million; money made the difference. Proposition 37 was close, garnering 47% of the vote, with campaigns like the online based â€Å"Just Label It† collecting signatures and comments on a petition to the FDA, requesting rules â€Å"similar to those in the European Union, Japan, China, India and Australia, stating what transgenic food is in the package,† (Moskin). The biggest thing about Proposition 37 is that it had national implications; it wasn’t just California that the food conglomerates were worried about. If it passed, it could’ve been the beginning of a national labeling revolution, potentially the beginning of an even greater revolution. Throughout history, organisms have developed through a recurrence of genetic mutations that have naturally selected the organisms that are most fit for survival. The rise of GMOs can be viewed through the same lens. GMOs arose from the conditions following the monoculture agricultural shift in the 1960’s Green Revolution. The key here is that they are not natural. The â€Å"mutations† that have aided the rise of GMOs are manmade, manufactured, and abnormal. GMOs are a result of the American obsession with optimization, which manifests itself in technology. After World War II and throughout the Green Revolution, America sought numerous technological advancements as it relished its role as a world power. With GMOs, America breached the gap between technology and nature in an effort to optimize food. Companies like Monsanto, with their growing number of political connections, began using their funds to pave the way for GMOs to become and remain a staple contingent of the American diet. Today, GM foods are still privately and minimally tested and they remain unlabeled in the United States. While the FDA stands by its outdated 1992 policy, claiming that GM foods are â€Å"substantially equivalent,† the producers stress that they are different in an effort to obtain patents. America cannot trust the sources it looks to for accurate information because there has been little testing but there is hope on the horizon after California nearly passed a law forcing GM foods to be labeled. As concerned parties seek an answer, they must first look towards labeling these foods, sparking a chain reaction that causes uninformed consumers to ask questions like, â€Å"Why are these foods specially labeled?† and â€Å"What makes these foods different? † Labeling could prove to be the beginning of a further revolution to enhance regulation of GM foods. This revolution, though currently nonexistent, must occur before this problem mutates even further, before not just the American people, but the entire world, reaps the consequences for playing the role of Creator. Anderson, L. (1999). 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